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961.
962.
2016年全球地震海啸监测预警与数值模拟研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
回顾了国家海洋环境预报中心(国家海洋局海啸预警中心)2016年全球地震海啸监测预警的总体状况, 并基于震源生成模型和海啸传播数值模型的计算结果详细介绍了几次主要海啸事件及其影响特性。2016年全年国家海洋环境预报中心总共对全球6.5级(中国近海5.5级)以上海底地震响应了45次,发布海啸信息81期, 没有发生对我国有明显影响的海啸。结合精细化的数值模拟结果和浮标监测数据,重点介绍了苏门达腊7.8级地震海啸、厄瓜多尔7.8级地震海啸、新西兰7.1级和7.8级地震海啸, 以及所罗门7.8级地震海啸的波动特征和传播规律, 模拟结果与实测海啸波符合较好。针对厄瓜多尔7.8级地震海啸事件, 本文比较分析了均匀断层模型和多源有限断层模型对模拟结果的影响; 针对新西兰7.1级地震海啸, 探讨了色散效应对海啸波在大水深、远距离传播过程的影响规律。 相似文献
963.
Here in present work, rotational Boussinesq–Green–Naghdi models were applied to assess the hydrodynamic intensity through the study of the boulder transport in east coast of Philippines during typhoon Haiyan and damage to coastal residences in New Jersey coast due to hurricane Sandy. The hydrodynamic forces were quantitatively analyzed and correlated to both boulder transport distance and the structural damage state in the two cases. The boulder transport was found initiated at vicinity of infragravity swash bores. Inertial force generated by the acceleration in front of the bore was found increasingly large as boulder sizes increased therefore far from negligible as in some other literatures. Besides, transport distances were highly sensitive to wave-heights and boulder sizes, so that onshore positions might be a viable approach of identifying rough magnitudes of paleostorm before other information is available. Fragility functions to predict the damage state of coastal residences due to runups was derived and preliminary validated. Water velocity and the shielding parameter were identified as major predictors of damage while free board and water depth are relatively insignificant. Due to the relative lack of wind damage observed, nearshore hydrodynamics featuring instantaneous nonhydrostatic impact might be the persistent cause of massive littoral processes and low-level structural failure in coastal regions during extreme marine events. Nonhydrostatic phase-resolving models such as Boussinesq-type models would be necessary complements for the intermediate-scale assessment of marine hazards in coastal ocean. 相似文献
964.
Evaluation of gene expression programming approaches for estimating daily evaporation through spatial and temporal data scanning 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1 下载免费PDF全文
Evaporation of water from free water surfaces or from land surfaces is one of the main components of the hydrological cycle, and its occurrence is governed by various meteorological and physical factors. There is a multitude of models developed for estimating daily evaporation values by using weather data. This paper evaluates a Gene Expression Programming (GEP) model for estimating evaporation through spatial and temporal data scanning techniques. It is by using ‘leave‐one‐out’ procedures, a complete scan of the possible train and test set configurations is carried out according to temporal and spatial criteria. Comparison of the GEP model with empirical‐physical models shows that daily evaporation values computed by the GEP model are more accurate. Further, local calibration of the GEP model may not be needed, if enough climatic data are available at other stations. The performance of the GEP model fluctuates throughout the period of study and between stations. A suitable assessment of the model should consider a complete temporal and/or spatial scan of the data set used. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
965.
把重力时序系统视为慢时变系统,根据线性系统分析的理论方法,用差分方程描述该系统的等价参数模型, 通过判断参数序列的稳定性来探索前兆异常。对河西流动重力观测网1994—2009年3个测点的观测数据的计算分析验证了该方法的有效性,但失稳与地震前兆的关系还需进一步研究。 相似文献
966.
渗透压力作用下加锚裂隙岩体围岩稳定性研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
岩体中裂隙水的存在加剧了岩体结构围岩损伤;锚杆作为岩体工程的重要支护手段,被广泛应用于岩体加固工程中。结合无损伤材料的柔度张量的概念,用裂隙附加柔度张量来表示裂隙对岩体的损伤影响;引入渗透压力附加柔度张量的概念来定义渗透压力对裂隙岩体强度的损伤影响;利用附加刚度来反映锚杆对裂隙岩体的加固作用,附加刚度求逆即得柔度张量。对渗透压力作用下锚固裂隙岩体渗流场与损伤场相互作用及耦合机制进行了深入研究;基于能量互易定理,自洽理论等,分别在压剪和拉剪应力状态下推导了渗透压力作用下加锚裂隙岩体等效损伤模型,建立了相应的计算方法,应用半解耦方法对理论模型进行了有限元程序化。在有限元程序中,将渗透体积力化为等效节点力,参与各单元间应力调整且表现为岩体变形过程中刚度的降低;锚杆锚固力等效为单元节点力,并体现为岩体整体变形刚度的提高。结合工程实际,着重讨论渗透压力作用对隧道围岩稳定性的影响。分析表明,渗透压力对岩体围岩变形破坏及稳定性的影响是不可忽略的。 相似文献
967.
This article presents a method to estimate flow variables for an open channel network governed by the linearized Saint-Venant equations and subject to periodic forcing. The discharge at the upstream end of the system and the stage at the downstream end of the system are defined as the model inputs; the flow properties at selected internal locations, as well as the other external boundary conditions, are defined as the outputs. Both inputs and outputs are affected by noise and we use the model to improve the data quality. A spatially dependent transfer matrix in the frequency domain is constructed to relate the model input and output using modal decomposition. A data reconciliation technique is used to incorporate the error in the measured data and results in a set of reconciliated external boundary conditions; subsequently, the flow properties at any location in the system can be accurately estimated from the input measurements. The applicability and effectiveness of the method is demonstrated with a case study of the river flow subject to tidal forcing in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, in California. We used existing USGS sensors in place in the Delta as measurement points, and deployed our own sensors at selected locations to produce data used for the validation. The proposed method gives an accurate estimation of the flow properties at intermediate locations within the channel network. 相似文献
968.
Numerical resolution of well-balanced shallow water equations with complex source terms 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
This paper presents a well-balanced numerical scheme for simulating frictional shallow flows over complex domains involving wetting and drying. The proposed scheme solves, in a finite volume Godunov-type framework, a set of pre-balanced shallow water equations derived by considering pressure balancing. Non-negative reconstruction of Riemann states and compatible discretization of slope source term produce stable and well-balanced solutions to shallow flow hydrodynamics over complex topography. The friction source term is discretized using a splitting implicit scheme. Limiting value of the friction force is derived to ensure stability. This new numerical scheme is validated against four theoretical benchmark tests and then applied to reproduce a laboratory dam break over a domain with irregular bed profile. 相似文献
969.
A new solution of transient confined–unconfined flow driven by a pumping well is developed and compared to previous approximate solutions of Moench and Prickett [Moench AF, Prickett TA. Radial flow in an infinite aquifer undergoing conversion from artesian to water table conditions. Water Resour Res 1972;8:494–9] and Hu and Chen [Hu L, Chen C. Analytical methods for transient flow to a well in a confined–unconfined aquifer. Ground Water 2008;46(4):642–6]. The problem is rewritten in dimensionless form with the Boltzmann transform. The nonlinear equation for flow in the unconfined zone is solved with the Runge–Kutta method. Position of the conversion interface is determined with an iteration scheme. This study shows that the confined–unconfined flow depends on three dimensionless parameters that represent the confined–unconfined storativity ratio (aD), the ratio of the initial hydraulic head over the aquifer thickness (fi), and the dimensionless pumping rate (qD). The rate of expansion of the unconfined zone increases with qD, but decreases with aD and fi. Differences between the two previous approximate solutions and the new solution of this study are observable in the estimated position of the conversion interface and the drawdown–time curves. The new solution can be applied to estimate the time for confined–unconfined conversion to occur (critical conversion time), and the time when the pumping well becomes dry (critical drying time). The critical conversion time is found to be very sensitive to the initial hydraulic head. The critical drying time is often much larger than the critical conversion time and may never be observed during a finite pumping period. 相似文献
970.
In this paper we present a reliable algorithm, the homotopy perturbation method, to construct numerical solutions of the space–time fractional advection–dispersion equation in the form of a rapidly convergent series with easily computable components. Fractional advection–dispersion equations are used in groundwater hydrology to model the transport of passive tracers carried by fluid flow in a porous medium. The fractional derivatives are described in the Caputo sense. Some examples are given. Numerical results show that the homotopy perturbation method is easy to implement and accurate when applied to space–time fractional advection–dispersion equations. 相似文献